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Three Types of Legitimate Rule

Each type of authority is legitimate since it involves both explicit and implicit consent of the governed.

A clear hierarchy leads to an efficient organization, comprising of a legitimate and strong relationship between the followers and leaders.

The philosopher and sociologist Max Weber discerns the three types of authorities- Traditional, Legal-Rational, and Charismatic; each of which correspond to a form of leadership that operate in a contemporary society. The one thing which is common in all the three authorities is “legitimacy.” A legitimate authority is justified by both the ruler and the ruled.

Traditional authority can be defined as the power legitimized by respect for long-established cultural patterns. It comes from unwritten rules that are maintained over time. Leaders in traditional authority are people who depend on an established order or tradition. This leader is a dominant personality and the existing order in the society entrusts him the mandate to rule.

Charismatic authority can be defined as the power legitimized by exceptional, unusual, and extraordinary personal abilities which inspire devotion and obedience. Weber identified this extraordinary attribute as ‘Charisma’ whereas Robert Bierstadt called it leadership. Charismatic leaders are seen as people who are inspired by God or by lofty unsocial principles. The charisma of these leaders is enough and adequate to inspire their followers and make their authority seem legitimate. Charismatic authority is inherently unstable and mostly short lived.

Legal authority can be defined as a bureaucratic authority, where power is legitimized by legally enacted rules and regulations such as governments. This form of authority is the one that is grounded and clearly defines laws with explicit procedures that define the obligations and rights. This is largely respected due to the competence and legitimacy that laws and procedures bestow upon the people in the authoritative position.

Contemporary societies depend on this form of authority; as the complexities require the emergence of bureaucracy that embodies systematization and order. Authoritarians can exercise power only within the legally defined boundaries.

According to Weber, “Legal authority rests in the enactment and its pure type is best represented by bureaucracy”. The basic idea is that laws can be changed and enacted by formally correct procedures. The governing body here is either appointed or elected.

A principal founder of modern sociology, Max Weber Jr. was born 21 April 1864, to a prominent Prussian lawyer/politician and a pious mother, in Erfurt.

a major food source for Indigenous Australians

Yam Daisy or Murnong was the only Australian plant recommended for development as a crop by the prominent 19th Century botanist Ferdinand von Mueller. Major Thomas Mitchell, in 1836, recorded that, east of the Grampians, the “vast extent of open downs” was “quite yellow with Murnong“, furthering the belief that it was a widespread, abundant species. One European settler described “millions of murnong over the plain”.

The small sweet tubers are produced each year in early spring, and harvested in summer (about November). Hundreds of women spread across the plains at harvest time, all digging for these nutritious roots. The digging sticks used by the women loosed the soil to provide good growth conditions for the smaller tubers, which they left in the soil.

The plants die back to their underground roots in March, and begin putting up new rosettes of fresh leaves in Autumn. The grasslands where the murnong grew were burned off during this dormancy period. The burning was controlled with some patches burned each year. The whole growing area was burned every 3 years. This controlled the growth of larger plants, which would otherwise have shaded out this valuable food crop.

The buds droop until the flowers open. The flowers open and stay upright for one day to attract pollinating insects.

They droop again as the seeds form. When the seeds are ripe, the stems elongate and straighten, holding the seeds up to the wind, for distribution.

The flower is a yellow head of florets, reminiscent of a dandelion.

Count Günther VII of Schwarzburg founded a Cistercian monastery in 1275 on the site of today’s Stadtilm Town Hall. The first abbess was Irmengard, a daughter of Günther VII.

Günther was in Jerusalem with Emperor Frederick II around 1228/29. He succeeded his father as Count of Schwarzburg-Blankenburg in 1236 and, after the death of his brother Henry III, became Count of Schwarzburg in 1259.

As a result of the Reformation, Stadtilm became Protestant in 1533, and the monastery was secularized in 1540. The property went to the Schwarzburg counts. The last abbess, Countess Margaret of Schwarzburg, left the city.

From 1628, the sons of Count Albrecht VII converted the building into Stadtilm Castle.

During the great fire of August 1, 1780, the castle built after 1628 (with the exception of the crypt and the tower) also fell victim to the flames.

in the space of ten years he was largely responsible for what The Times described as a revolution in British glass design

Frank Thrower was the creator and chief designer of Dartington Glass.

In the mid 1960s, when Dartington Hall was looking at the possibilities of starting a rural industry in North Devon, they consulted Euan Cooper-Willis, the founder of Portmeirion Pottery, whose children were at Dartington Hall School.

Euan put the Trustees in touch with Frank Thrower who was working for Portmeirion and, almost as a sideline, designing glassware made for the company in Sweden.  Thus began one of Dartington’s most celebrated commercial enterprises. Frank Thrower and Dartington Glass became synonymous.

On Frank’s recommendation, Dartington’s Trustees recruited Eskil Vilhelmsson, a Swedish master glass blower.  Eskil brought with him to North Devon seventeen glass blowers to work and to train local men at the new factory in Torrington.

Frank’s designs for the glassware were fresh, clean and simple – the antithesis of glassware made in Britain at that time – but for the first four years the products proved hard to sell.

In 1971 the company and the Dartington Trustees decided to invest in a dynamic advertising campaign and Dartington Glass never looked back.

Dartington is not just a beautiful place to visit. It attracts people with big ideas who want to change the world.

GLASSPOT : THE NEW YORK TIMES

“The humble stockpot becomes the star of the stove in the hands of the Italian designer Massimo Castagna, who renders it handsomely in tempered glass to withstand high heat. You can watch your fusilli bubble and boil, or broccoli dance and turn bright green, or a chicken become soup. The 8-quart pot’s stainless-steel handles stay fairly cool. It’s elegant enough to use as a punch bowl or a bucket for a few bottles of wine, or to fill with bright gourds for a Thanksgiving centerpiece. There is a silicone lid that’s not a thing of beauty, with a steel knob that does not stay cool, so you might do better with one of your own instead: Museum of Modern Art Design Store.”

Knindustrie Glass Pot MOMA Capacity 10 qt diam.9 1/2 in. Transparent

• Product: Pasta pot with handles
• Material: Borosilicate glass – Steel handles
• Features: Capacity 321.2 fl.oz. – Suitable for gas hob, ceramic hob and grills – No induction – Dishwash allowed with low temperatures
• Designer: Massimo Castagna
  
• Dimensions: L. 9.4 W. 9.4 H.7.9 inches

Bernhard chose the town of Meiningen as his residence and became the first Duke of Saxe-Meiningen as the result of the various succession agreements among the seven sons of Duke Ernest the Pious of Saxe-Gotha. On his death in 1675, each of his sons inherited part of his holdings, and were expected to rule under the leadership of his oldest son.

Bernhard received the town of Meiningen as well as several other holdings and the former Franconian lands of the House of Henneberg. Before the Reformation territory of the Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen belonged to the Diocese of Würzburg.

Later agreements increased the territory of the duchy. Following the extinction of the Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg in 1825, Duke Bernhard II of Saxe-Meiningen received the lands of the former Duchy of Saxe-Hildburghausen as well as the Saalfeld territory of the former Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld duchy. Bernhard was a younger brother of Queen Adelaide of the United Kingdom and Ida, Princess Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach.

Queen of Poland

A niece of Emperor Otto III, who was instrumental to her betrothal to the son and heir of the King of Poland.

Her brother Otto, the last male representative of the Ezzonen dynasty, died on 7 September 1047. At his funeral in Brauweiler Abbey, according to Bruno of Toul (later Pope Leo IX), she put her fine jewellery on the altar and declared that she would spend the rest of her life as a nun, to preserve the memory of the Ezzonen dynasty. Brauweiller Abbey had been founded and endowed in 1024 by her parents, who were buried there, as were her brothers Liudolf, Count Palatine of Lotharingia (d. 1031) and Otto II, Duke of Swabia (d. 1047).

A charter dated 17 July 1051 noted that Richeza participated in the reorganization of the Ezzonen properties with her sister Theophanu, Abbess of Essen, and her brother, Hermann II, Archbishop of Cologne. This reorganization, which apparently emanated from the hope that Hermann II would survive his siblings, failed, because he died in 1056. From Ezzo’s ten children only Richeza and Otto had children. None of these children was in a position of real power over the Ezzonen inheritance.

Richeza formally renounced her possessions in Coburg and Saalfeld to the
of the Diocese of Würzburg, while reserving the lifelong use of the lands. She maintained direct rule over Coburg, Saalfeld and seven other locations in the Rhineland with their additional incomes. Richeza died on 21 March 1063 in Saalfeld.