Developed the first practical process to manufacture carbonated mineral water, based on a process discovered by Joseph Priestley in 1770.
Born in Witzenhausen in the Landgraviate of Hessen-Kassel, he moved to Geneva in 1765 to work as a watchmaker and jeweler, and founded the Schweppes Company in Geneva in 1783. In 1831, King William IV of the United Kingdom adopted the beverage.
“Schweppes – The First 200 Years “ by Douglas Simmons, the late secretary of Schweppes and Cadbury Schweppes / UK.This earthenware bottle, initially designed to lay on its side to keep the cork moist, has the branding SCHWEPPES & Co: 79. Margaret Street, London. It was developed according to the concept of Jacob Schweppe and produced between 1795 and 1831. The instruction read: “In order to maintain the quality of the water the bottles should be kept in a cool place and lay on their side.”
The first world exhibition in London in 1851 was a welcome impetus to J. Schweppe & Co. The daringly conceived structure of glass and iron known as the Crystal Palace, built to house the exhibition, was erected in Hyde Park. Nearly 2000 feet long, it covered more than 18 acres, arching over several large elm trees. In the center, J. Schweppe & Co. built an 8 meter high fountain, which became an integral part of the trademark.
Barbara of Cilli (1392 – 11 July 1451) was Holy Roman Empress and a queen of Hungary and Bohemia. She received the sobriquet Messalina of Germany, and was instrumental in creating the Order of the Dragon. She served as the regent of Hungary in the absence of her spouse.
Barbara of Celje (Croatian and Slovene Barbara Celjska; Czech: Barbora Cellská; Hungarian Cillei Borbála)
The Old Castle Celje is situated on a narrow rocky overhang above Celje. The original castle was built in the second half of the 12th century by the Counts of Vovberg from Carinthia who had Celje and its surroundings in their possession up to their extinction in 1322. After a decade of battles, the castle came into the hands of their heirs (1333), the Lords of Žovnek, later the Counts of Celje.
An urban farm and social experiment where volunteers grew food, art, and community.
The project began in January 2010, when San Francisco’s Office of Economic and Workforce Development gave community members, artists, educators and permaculture designers an interim-use lease at 450 Laguna Street to activate the 2.2. acre lot for green space. The empty lot at Laguna Street and Fell was under the old 101 freeway on-ramp, which had been structurally damaged in the Loma Prieta Earthquake.
Hayes Valley Farm was a three-year experiment in activating public space for gardening, permaculture, art, education and community.
The lot was slated to be developed into condominiums within a few years. Learn more about the history of Hayes Valley Farm, the plants they grew, and the events and activities they stewarded (over 100 projects within three years).
Hayes Valley’s transformation started back in 2003, when a committed group of citizens succeeded in taking down the Central Freeway that had divided their neighborhood. The efforts paid off massively: Since then, the area’s seen major investment from local brands and restaurants. The mix of creative boutiques and shops makes for a very stroll-able shopping neighborhood, not to mention what’s become one of the best food scenes in the city.
Written by Martin Luther, “Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott” has been called the “Battle Hymn of the Reformation” for the effect it had in increasing the support for the Reformers’ cause. John Julian records four theories of its origin:
Heinrich Heine: “Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott” was sung by Luther and his companions as they entered Worms on 16 April 1521 for the Diet;
K. F. T. Schneider: it was a tribute to Luther’s friend Leonhard Kaiser, who was executed on 16 August 1527;
Jean-Henri Merle d’Aubigné: it was sung by the German Lutheran princes as they entered Augsburg for the Diet in 1530 at which the Augsburg Confession was presented; and
the view that it was composed in connection with the 1529 Diet of Speyer at which the German Lutheran princes lodged their protest to Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, who wanted to enforce his 1521 Edict of Worms.
Alternatively, John M. Merriman writes that the hymn “began as a martial song to inspire soldiers against the Ottoman forces” during the Ottoman wars in Europe, when the seven cities of Transylvania embraced the new creed of Martin Luther.
The Diet of Speyer was convened in March 1529, for action against the Turks, whose armies were pressing forward in Hungary, and would besiege Vienna later in the year, and against the further progress of Protestantism. On April 19, 1529, six princes and representatives of 14 Imperial Free Cities petitioned the Imperial Diet at Speyer against an imperial ban against Martin Luther, as well as the proscription of his works and teachings. After this Diet in Speyer the adherents of the reform movement became known as “Protestants”.
Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)
Colonists from Luxembourg and the Moselle River region had been invited in the mid-12th century to settle seven cities that gave Transylvania its German name Siebenbürgen (literally seven citadels) to provide border defence, mining expertise and develop the economy of the region. During the early 13th century, there was a second wave of settlers primarily from the Rhineland, Southern Low Countries, and the Moselle region, with others from Thuringia, Bavaria, and even from France.
Many settlements were destroyed during the Mongol invasion of 1241–42. In the aftermath of the invasion, many Transylvanian towns were fortified with stone castles about 300 villages were defended by Kirchenburgen, or fortified churches with massive walls. Though many of these fortified churches have fallen into ruin, south-eastern Transylvania region has one of the highest numbers of existing fortified churches from the 13th to 16th centuries.
Order of the Dragon
Founded in 1408 by Sigismund of Luxembourg, King of Hungary and later Holy Roman Emperor, and his wife Queen Barbara of Celje. The Order of the Dragon was similar to other medieval chivalric orders and was granted to those defending Christianity against its enemies, particularly the Ottoman Turks. One of the recipients was a duke named Vlad, whose son is known today as Dracula, meaning son of the dragon.
This may come as a disappointment, but most Viking men brandished scythes, not swords. True, some were callous pirates who only stepped off their boats to burn villages, but the vast majority peacefully sowed barley, rye and oats—at least for part of the year. They also raised cattle, goats, pigs and sheep on their small farms, which typically yielded just enough food to support a family.
Vikings were known for their excellent hygiene.
Between rowing boats and decapitating enemies, Viking men must have stunk to high Valhalla, right? Quite the opposite. Excavations of Viking sites have turned up tweezers, razors, combs and ear cleaners made from animal bones and antlers. Vikings also bathed at least once a week—much more frequently than other Europeans of their day—and enjoyed dips in natural hot springs.
Vikings were active in the slave trade.
Many Vikings got rich off human trafficking. They would capture and enslave women and young men while pillaging Anglo-Saxon, Celtic and Slavic settlements. These “thralls,” as they were known, were then sold in giant slave markets across Europe and the Middle East. Vikings explored Europe by its oceans and rivers through trade and warfare. The Vikings also reached Iceland, Greenland, Newfoundland, and Anatolia.
Source: 10 Things You May Not Know About the Vikings – History Lists
Baroque composer, keyboard virtuoso, and organist.
Among the most famous composers of the era, Johann Jakob Froberger (baptized 19 May 1616 – 7 May 1667) was influential in developing the musical form of the suite of dances in his keyboard works. His harpsichord pieces are highly idiomatic and programmatic.
Only two of Froberger’s many compositions were published during his lifetime. Froberger forbade publication of his manuscripts, restricting access to his noble patrons and friends, particularly the Württembergs and Habsburgs who had the power to enforce these restrictions. After his death the manuscripts went to his patroness Sibylla, Duchess of Württtemberg (1620–1707) and the music library of the Württemberg family estate.
In 1637 Basilius Froberger, his wife and one his daughters died of plague. Johann Jakob and his brother Isaac sold their father’s music library to the Wurttemberg court (this is how the contents of Basilius’ library became known – through the court archives); the same year Johann Jakob became court organist in Vienna, assisting Wolfgang Ebner. In June he was granted a leave and a stipend to go to Rome to study under Frescobaldi.
Froberger is usually credited as the creator of the Baroque suite. While this may be misleading, French composers of the time did group dance pieces by tonality above all, and while other composers such as Kindermann did try to invent some kind of organisation, their dances did not attain as high a degree of artistic merit as seen in Froberger’s suites. The typical Froberger suite established allemande, courante, sarabande and gigue as the obligatory parts of a suite. However, there is some controversy surrounding the placement of the gigue. In Froberger’s earliest authenticated autograph, Libro Secondo, five out of six suites are in three movements, without the gigue. A single suite, no. 2, has a gigue added as a 4th movement (and a later copy adds gigues to suites nos. 3 and 5). The suites of Libro Quarto all have gigues as the 2nd movement. The order that became the standard after Froberger’s death, with the gigue being the last movement, first appeared in a 1690s print of Froberger’s works by the Amsterdam publisher Mortier.
burgher (n.)
1560s, “freeman of a burgh,” from Middle Dutch burgher or German Bürger, from Middle High German burger, from Old High German burgari “inhabitant of a fortress,” from burg “fortress, citadel” (from PIE root *bhergh- (2) “high,” with derivatives referring to hills and hill-forts). Burgh, as a native variant of borough, persists in Scottish English (as in Edinburgh).
bhergh-1 To hide, protect. Oldest form *bherg̑h‑, becoming *bhergh‑ in centum languages.
Germanic compound *skēr-berg‑ (see sker-1). Both a and b from Germanic *bergan, to protect.
Zero-grade form *bhr̥gh‑.
bury, from Old English byrgan, to bury, from Germanic *burgjan;
burial, from Old English byrgels, burial, from Germanic derivative *burgisli‑.
borrow, from Old English borgian, to borrow, from Germanic *borgēn, to pledge, lend, borrow;
bargain, from Old French bargaignier, to haggle, from Germanic derivative *borganjan.
[Pokorny bherg̑h‑ 145.]
bhergh-2 High; with derivatives referring to hills and hill-forts. Oldest form *bherg̑h‑, becoming *bhergh‑ in centum languages.
Derivatives include iceberg, bourgeois, burglar, force, and fortify.
burgher, from Old High German burgāri, townsman, from Germanic compound *burg-warōn‑, “city protector” (*warōn‑, protector; see wer-4). a-d all from Germanic *burgs, hill-fort.
A raisin and currant-studded cake, crammed with candied fruit and often a thick, sweet slice of marzipan running through the middle, Stollen has for centuries been a traditional Christmas cake.
First mentioned in documents in 1329, the Thuringian “Stollen” is also called “Erfurter Schittchen”.
Sausages usually contain finely minced pork, salt and pepper, cumin, marjoram and garlic, but no butcher will disclose his exact recipe. The oldest recipe dates from 1404. “Rostbratwurst” is grilled and served in a bun.
There are numerous different recipes for potato dumplings, the undisputed favourite in the Thuringian cuisine. Preparation needs some practice. Mix a quantity of raw grated potatoes with a quantity of boiled and mashed potatoes and fill the mixture with croutons. Shape the mixture into balls and simmer them in hot salted water for about 20 minutes. The result is a delicious accompaniment to every kind of roast meat.
Thuringian potato dumplings
Thuringia has a tradition of fine and delicious chocolate: delicately melting nougat from Floh-Seligenthal near Schmalkalden, dark chocolate with pink pepper from Ichtershausen close to Erfurt, and hand-made Basil Lemon pralines from Bad Frankenhausen or Merchants’ Bridge truffles from Erfurt.
Dark chocolate with pink pepper from Ichtershausen close to Erfurt.
Numerous breweries, large and small, and a powerful guild of beer-brewers maintain the tradition of brewing. Thuringia is proud to possess the oldest certificate for brewing to German purity standards.
One of the oldest Breweries of in Germany, Köstritzer Schwarzbierbrauerei is first mentioned in 1543,
“Furthermore, we wish to emphasize that in future in all cities, markets and in the country, the only ingredients used for the brewing of beer must be Barley, Hops and Water.”
Bavarian Duke Wilhelm IV proclaimed in 1516 the only ingredients used for the brewing of beer must be Barley, Hops and Water. This beer purity law ensured the quality of a product and threatened legal sanction against transgressors hundreds of years before anybody had heard of consumer protection laws. The home of Reinheitsgebot, Bavaria insisted in 1871 upon its application across the Germany Empire as a condition of joining Bismarck’s unified state. In 1919 Bavaria refused to join the “Weimar Republic” (officially known as the “German Reich”), unless their Reinheitsgebot was adopted by the rest of the newly reformed country.
The beer purity law was the forefather of the thousands of consumer regulations about food and drink production in Europe. Emperor Otto II granted a brewing licence in 974 to the church at Liege. A variety of other beer regulations existed during the late Middle Ages, including Nuremberg in 1293, Erfurt in 1351, and Weißensee in 1434.
Ensuring German beer contained only high-quality products the law protected the public from drinking poor standard beverages.
The “Novus Modus Fermentandi Cervisiam” (New Method for Fermenting Beer) introduced by Emperor Charles IV in 1364 decreed that all beer brewed throughout the Holy Roman Empire must be brewed with hops.
Dutch naturalist Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first to microscopically observe yeast in 1680 (although he didn’t consider yeast to be a living organism), while French microbiologist Louis Pasteur was the first to prove that indeed living yeast was responsible for alcoholic fermentation in 1857. The Reinheitsgebot was revised to include yeast in 1906.
This infographic about engaging students in their learning was created by Kim Hansel, National Educational Speaker and Trainer & Assistant Principal of Curriculum and Instruction at YCLA.
Kim Hansel motivates, inspires and entertains educators by sharing proven strategies they can take away and use effectively in their classrooms to make a difference in the lives of students.
Spectacular flying displays with Eagles, Falcons, and Condor
Experience the quickness of the Peregrine Falcon, the manoeuvrability of a Saker Falcon, Eagles swooping from great heights, the agility of kites, buzzards and other hawks, in the beautiful countryside of Thuringia, in the Ilmtal.
In Kranichfeld, you and your children can learn many interesting facts about the life and behaviour of birds of prey.
A special feature is the fabled Andean Condor. The Giant Eagle, the largest Eagle in the world, is the most impressive attraction in the flight demonstration.
Founded in 1992 at Castle Greifenstein in bad Blankenburg and moved in the year 2005 to Niederburg castle in Kranichfeld, Weimar: Tuesday to Sunday and all holidays.
